Writing Class

      Hi everyone, today I'd like to talk about the mechanism of processing bad protein in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER). In our cells, defective proteins often appear through central dogma. So cells have to recognize and eliminate them to avoid their making problems. Some kinds of molecular in the ER are responsible for the role.      After protein synthesis, some of the protein enters the ER and is attached to a special sugar chain by enzymes. This chain shows the protein's condition, how long they are in the ER, and whether they are correct conformation. If they are perfect proteins, the ER exports them to other organelles. If they passed a long time after synthesis and are not completive, they will be decomposed.      The sugar chain consists of mannose and some glucose. When the protein became appropriate condition, enzymes cut the glucose off. Then other enzymes recognize the protein which doesn't have glucose as good protein and put it...

      Hi everyone, today I'd like to tell you about a recent study to create only female mice. Gene-editing based on CRISPER-Cas9 enables us to do it. Thanks to the technique, a lot of lives may be saved.      Most mammals' sex is decided by XY-chromosomes. If they have two X-chromosomes, they are female. If they have one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome, they are male. To control their sex, scientists put specific genes on each chromosome. When both edited them are in the same cell, the cell can't survive.       The specific genes are important for CRISPER-Cas9. One gene makes an enzyme, this cuts DNA at a specific area. The other gene is transcripted as a guide-RNA, the RNA takes the enzyme to a vital gene. When they fertilize and are in the same cell, they cut an important gene and kill the cell. So only the cell which has edited X and Y-chromosomes can't survive and the male isn't born.      The technique will be impo...

There are four kinds of giraffes in the picture. They are classified based on DNA microsatellites.       Hi everyone, today I'd like to talk about the newest definition of species. It was made to protect endangered animals and classify them as a species, not as a common one according to our recognition. The method is thinking about how long they don't mate. Based on the length, we judge whether they are the same species. To get information about their mating, we study their DNA microsatellite.       DNA microsatellite is an area on the DNA. This area shows a special pattern and differs among individuals. This pattern shows how close they are as relative. If they share the same pattern of DNA microsatellites, they often mate, and we can recognize them as the same species. By the way, we use microsatellites in DNA tests. However, this also has a difficulty. How long should they have no mate to be different species? This depends on scientists.   ...

      Hi everyone, today I'd like to talk about the definition of species. Do you know how scientists classify creatures? In fact, they don't use only one way of classification. Here I'll tell you two definitions.      First, people recognized animals and plants based on their looks. This is the simplest way. Scientists were satisfied with the method in the past time. However, for a long time, some problems emerged. One of the problems is the difference in values among the scientists. Some people recognized an animal as a new species but others didn't. The method is ambiguous because it depends on their own opinions. So they had to make a new way.      To solve the problems, a new definition of species was established. It depends on whether two animals or plants can mate naturally. If they can have children and the children can do so, they are the same species on the definition. This classification is clear and not disrupting. It's also in th...