Structural Biology

      Hi everyone. Today, I'd like to talk about "Structural Biology", one of the rising fields in biology. The field is developing, like synthetic biology, accordingly molecular biology's development. This is because a lot of researchers get interested in how biological molecular work in our body.

     Structural biology is a field where researchers study mainly about a structure of biological molecular and their role using x-ray. Why they do that? It's because their structure enable them to work correctly. If the structure is changed by heat, pH, and genetic variation, they don't work and may cause some diseases. If we can understand their structure and how to make designed protein in detail, we can operate a lot of chemical reactions, for example, creating oil, producing energy by daylight more efficiently, and so on.

     I'll tell a example about a disease, Sickle Cell Anemia, caused by structural change in protein. It prevents red blood cells from working properly, making hemoglobin's variation. The change is in hemoglobin's amino acid. An amino acid is exchanged into another and the hemoglobin can't bind to O2 well. While it causes anemia, these hemoglobin prevents malaria.

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How Our Cells Eliminate Failure Protein?

      Hi everyone, today I'd like to talk about the mechanism of processing bad protein in the endoplasmic reticulum(ER). In our cells, defective proteins often appear through central dogma. So cells have to recognize and eliminate them to avoid their making problems. Some kinds of molecular in the ER are responsible for the role.      After protein synthesis, some of the protein enters the ER and is attached to a special sugar chain by enzymes. This chain shows the protein's condition, how long they are in the ER, and whether they are correct conformation. If they are perfect proteins, the ER exports them to other organelles. If they passed a long time after synthesis and are not completive, they will be decomposed.      The sugar chain consists of mannose and some glucose. When the protein became appropriate condition, enzymes cut the glucose off. Then other enzymes recognize the protein which doesn't have glucose as good protein and put it...
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Gene-editing Enables Us to Create Single Sex Mice

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      Hi everyone, today I'd like to tell you about a recent study to create only female mice. Gene-editing based on CRISPER-Cas9 enables us to do it. Thanks to the technique, a lot of lives may be saved.      Most mammals' sex is decided by XY-chromosomes. If they have two X-chromosomes, they are female. If they have one X-chromosome and one Y-chromosome, they are male. To control their sex, scientists put specific genes on each chromosome. When both edited them are in the same cell, the cell can't survive.       The specific genes are important for CRISPER-Cas9. One gene makes an enzyme, this cuts DNA at a specific area. The other gene is transcripted as a guide-RNA, the RNA takes the enzyme to a vital gene. When they fertilize and are in the same cell, they cut an important gene and kill the cell. So only the cell which has edited X and Y-chromosomes can't survive and the male isn't born.      The technique will be impo...
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Why All Pokemon Are Born Of An Egg?

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Hi everyone. Today, I'd like to talk about Pokemon. Some days ago, new Pokemon games were released in Japan. When I heard that I had a question, why they were born of eggs? In the game, most Pokemon yield eggs dislike real animals. To solve the question, I researched on the Internet and considered it by myself.  Through that, I got an answer, all Pokemon may be offspring of one kind of Pokemon. The Pokemon is Mew, the Pokemon has extinct. Mew has all genetics of Pokemon, which means  Mew may yield an egg. If all Pokemon evolved from Mew, it is natural that most Pokemon lay eggs. However, people have never found their eggs in the game. 
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